A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion; for example,
All humans are mortal, the major premise,
I am a human, the minor premise,
therefore, I am mortal, the conclusion.
Basic structure
A categorical syllogism consists of three parts: the major premise, the minor premise, and the conclusion, each part of which is a categorical proposition, and each categorical proposition containing two categorical terms.
Major premise: All humans are mortal.
Minor premise: Some animals are human.
Conclusion: Some animals are mortal.
Each of the three distinct terms represents a category, in this example, "human," "mortal," and "animal." "Mortal" is the major term; "animal," the minor term. The premises also have one term in common with each other, which is known as the middle term — in this example, "human." Here the major premise is universal and the minor particular, but this need not be so.
For example:
Major premise: All mortals die.
Minor premise: All men are mortals.
Conclusion: All men die.
The premises and conclusion of a syllogism can be any of four types, which are labelled by letters as follows. The meaning of the letters is given by the table:
By definition, S is the subject of the conclusion, P is the predicate of the conclusion, M is the middle term, the major premise links M with P and the minor premise links M with S.
However, the middle term can be either the subject or the predicate of each premise that it appears in. This gives rise to another classification of syllogisms known as the figure. Given that in each case the conclusion is S-P, the four figures are:
Putting it all together, there are 256 possible types of syllogisms (or 512 if the order of the major and minor premises is changed, although this makes no difference logically). Each premise and the conclusion can be of type A, E, I or O, and the syllogism can be any of the four figures.
A syllogism can be described briefly by giving the letters for the premises and conclusion followed by the number for t he figure. For example, the syllogisms above are AAA-1.
Of course, the vast majority of the 256 possible forms of syllogism are invalid (the conclusion does not follow logically from the premises).
The letters A, E, I, O have been used since the medieval Schools to form mnemonic names for the forms as follows: 'Barbara' stands for AAA, 'Celarent' for EAE etc.
A sample syllogism of each type follows.
17 comments:
by the time unafundisha i was like freezing but ulivyokuja in the seminar at least i got something the good thing is that i got your notes it very good arranged and i get a clearly picture.the hardest thing is those majina doctor du those darii,ferio,baroco ect it hard kukremisha ila thanx for notes
thanx dr for giving us the notes because those figure are bit complicated but for this notes it will wake.thanx a lot and be blessed
for the first i thought will be easy to identify middle term but without think much is not easy to identify it,but it real good part of opening our mind.
The followers of this blog receive congratulatory comments.let us continue we shall win the race
Dr it is true that these things are a bit complicated but m sure we shall win them.Big up DR Nassoro
Thanks again for the notes,
Its nice,having the notes around all the time.
You see, the notes are good and very usefull, but that so called middle term which seem to moving all over the world is kind of confusing, but im sure things will work out just fine.
Otherwise, everything is fine,
Thanks and God bless you
mmh! things are bit complecated guys......
but what i can say is...notes are good and well explained so we have to concentrate and every thing will be fine ..........dont you guys see this?
all in all thanks for the notes sir
1.some skeptic walk through wall.
2.no deeper wearers are intolerant
3.some songs by meatical are cacophonic.
4.a stich in nine should be welcom
5.no old birds are teachers
6.some dangerous things are made up of paper.
7.all talkertive people are ladies.
8.
9.some expensive perfume reeks badly.
10.cattapillars are seen on yonge street.
11.some juicy are not purple.
12.there is no shining hallo in hell.
13.healtful snacks are covered by big bad wolves.
14.some wolves have no very big noses.
15.some cindellelars are magnilized as un paid workers.
16.some frogs do not smell bad.
17.the jolly green giant is bothered by pess.
18.no hares are tortoises.
19.some forests are filled with freedian imagery.
1.some skeptic walk through wall.
2.no deeper wearers are intolerant
3.some songs by meatical are cacophonic.
4.a stich in nine should be welcom
5.no old birds are teachers
6.some dangerous things are made up of paper.
7.all talkertive people are ladies.
8.some animals do not eat sush.
9.some expensive perfume reeks badly.
10.cattapillars are seen on yonge street.
11.some juicy are not purple.
12.there is no shining hallo in hell.
13.healtful snacks are covered by big bad wolves.
14.some wolves have no very big noses.
15.some cindellelars are magnilized as un paid workers.
16.some frogs do not smell bad.
17.the jolly green giant is bothered by pess.
18.no hares are tortoises.
19.some forests are filled with freedian imagery.
1.some skeptic walk through wall.
2.no deeper wearers are intolerant
3.some songs by meatical are cacophonic.
4.a stich in nine should be welcom
5.no old birds are teachers
6.some dangerous things are made up of paper.
7.all talkertive people are ladies.
8.some wolves do not eat sush.
9.some expensive perfume reeks badly.
10.cattapillars are seen on yonge street.
11.some juicy are not purple.
12.there is no shining hallo in hell.
13.healtful snacks are covered by big bad wolves.
14.some wolves have no very big noses.
15.some cindellelars are magnilized as un paid workers.
16.some frogs do not smell bad.
17.the jolly green giant is bothered by pess.
18.no hares are tortoises.
19.some forests are filled with freedian imagery.
mmmh at first i was thinking that critical thinkin is somekind of witchcraft or superstition since you must follow many steps inorder to understand the whole concept but now im used with the steps and im thinking to change my first altitude....
oooh some time i think if one is a realy critical thinker can loose his or her friends b'se he or she will tend to question almost everthing that comes in his or her way, this can make him to sound like crazy infront of those who know nothing about critical thinking,SO CRITICAL THINKES MUST KNOW HOW TO BEHAVE INFRONT OF WHO ARE NOT...
At the beginning I was found that this course is like simple course but as time go on I find that is so diffucult to me.Every thing is difficult,I don't understand what could I do inorder to understand as well as others.
Things are more confunsing for example syllogism figures,and senteces are more complecated.
Also there are some moods in table 2 look the same but belong to different figures, for instance CELARENT AND CESARE, those are valid, so it is difficult to know which figure belongs to, also FERIO and FESTINO.But thank you alot for showing us how much you care about our studies.
At the beginning I was found that this course is like simple course but as time go on I find that is so diffucult to me.Every thing is difficult,I don't understand what could I do inorder to understand as well as others.
Things are more confunsing for example syllogism figures,and senteces are more complecated.
Also there are some moods in table 2 look the same but belong to different figures, for instance CELARENT AND CESARE, those are valid, so it is difficult to know which figure belongs to, also FERIO and FESTINO.But thank you alot for showing us how much you care about our studies.
as i have started i saw dificulties in this course but as i proceed through couregeos of our lecture at least i have be interested through his contribution i am know able to thimk critically by making argument in my accademics and through out my life as to know your mind is to own your life thanks Dr Nassor and miss Rehema
1.some skeptic walk through wall.
2.no deeper wearers are intolerant
3.some songs by meatical are cacophonic.
4.a stich in nine should be welcom
5.no old birds are teachers
6.some dangerous things are made up of paper.
7.all talkertive people are ladies.
8.some animals do not eat sush.
9.some expensive perfume reeks badly.
10.cattapillars are seen on yonge street.
11.some juicy are not purple.
12.there is no shining hallo in hell.
13.healtful snacks are covered by big bad wolves.
14.some wolves have no very big noses.
15.some cindellelars are magnilized as un paid workers.
16.some frogs do not smell bad.
17.the jolly green giant is bothered by pess.
18.no hares are tortoises.
19.some forests are filled with freedian imagery
1.some skeptic walk through wall.
2.no deeper wearers are intolerant
3.some songs by meatical are cacophonic.
4.a stich in nine should be welcom
5.no old birds are teachers
6.some dangerous things are made up of paper.
7.all talkertive people are ladies.
8.some wolves do not eat sush.
9.some expensive perfume reeks badly.
10.cattapillars are seen on yonge street.
11.some juicy are not purple.
12.there is no shining hallo in hell.
13.healtful snacks are covered by big bad wolves.
14.some wolves have no very big noses.
15.some cindellelars are magnilized as un paid workers.
16.some frogs do not smell bad.
17.the jolly green giant is bothered by pess.
18.no hares are tortoises.
19.some forests are filled with freedian imagery.
Post a Comment